Section A 
ANS 1 
ANS a) 
System: A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.
The study of system concepts has three basic implications:
1. A system must be designed to achieve a predetermined objective.
2. Interrelationships and interdependence must exist among the components.
3. The objectives of the organization as a whole have a higher priority than the objectives of It subsystems.
Characteristics of a system:
1. Organization: It implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components that Helps to achieve objectives.
2. Interaction: It refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components of the system.
3. Interdependence: It means that parts of the organization or computer system depend on one another. They are coordinated and linked together according to a plan. One subsystem depends on the output of another subsystem for proper functioning.
4. Integration: It refers to the holism of systems. It is concerned with how a system is tied together.
5. Central Objective: A system should have a central objective. Objectives may be real or stated.
Ans b) 
Whenever you purchase software or hardware for your computer, you should first make sure your computer supports the system requirements. These are the necessary specifications your computer must have in order to use the software or hardware. 
Output: Output in economics is the "quantity of goods or services produced in a given time period, by a firm, industry, or country", whether consumed or used for further production.
Input: Resources such as people, raw materials, energy, information, or finance that are put into a system (such as an economy, manufacturing plant, computer system) to obtain a desired output. Inputs are classified under costs in accounting.
Process: A business process is a collection of linked tasks which find their end in the delivery of a service or product to a client.
Performance: The accomplishment of a given task measured against preset known standards of accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed. 
Control: Control or controlling, is one of the managerial functions like planning, organizing, staffing and directing. It is an important function because it helps to check the errors and to take the corrective action.
ANS C) 
SAD stands for System Analysis and Design. 
Systems Analysis
It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and decomposition of a system into its components. System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order to identify its objectives. 
Systems Design
It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements.
ANS D) 
Components of system: An irreducible part or aggregation of parts that makes up a system; also called a subsystem.
Interrelated components: Dependence of one part of the system on one or more other system parts.
Boundary: The line that marks the inside and outside of a system and that sets off the system from its environment.
Purpose: The overall goal or function of a system.
Environment: Everything external to a system that interacts with the system.
Interfaces: Point of contact where a system meets its environment or where subsystems meet each other.
Constraints: A limit to what a system can accomplish.
Input: Inputs are the information that enters into the system for processing.
Output: The main objective of a system is to get an output which is helpful for its user. Output is the final outcome of processing.
ANS E)
 The Software Development Lifecycle is a systematic process for building software that ensures the quality and correctness of the software built. SDLC process aims to produce high-quality software which meets customer expectations. The software development should be complete in the pre-defined time frame and cost.
SDLC consists of a detailed plan which explains how to plan, build, and maintain specific software. Every phase of the SDLC lifecycle has its own process and deliverables that feed into the next phase.
the entire SDLC process divided into the following stages:

·	Phase 1: Requirement collection and analysis
·	Phase 2: Feasibility study:
·	Phase 3: Design:
·	Phase 4: Coding:
·	Phase 5: Testing:
·	Phase 6: Installation/Deployment:
·	Phase 7: Maintenance:
ANS F) 
Waterfall Model: Waterfall Model is a sequential model that divides software development into different phases. Each phase is designed for performing specific activity during SDLC phase. It was introduced in 1970 by Winston Royce

Prototyping:  Prototyping is about bringing conceptual or theoretical ideas to life and exploring their real-world impact before finally executing them. All too often, design teams arrive at ideas without enough research or validation and expedite them to final execution before there is any certainty about their viability or possible effect on the target group.
 Prototypes can take many forms, and just about the only thing in common the various forms have is that they are all tangible forms of your ideas. They don’t have to be primitive versions of an end product, either—far from it. Simple sketches or storyboards used to illustrate a proposed experiential solution, rough paper prototypes of digital interfaces, and even role-playing to act out a service offering an idea are examples of prototypes. In fact, prototypes do not need to be full products: you can prototype a part of a solution (like a proposed grip handle of a wheelchair) to test that specific part of your solution.

Section B) 
ANS 1
Business Information Systems (BIS) comprises the analysis and organization of business information through the application of technology. As such it blends core concepts of management, operations and information systems theory with computer science and engineering methods and technologies to manage an organization’s data. 
1. A transaction processing system provides a way to collect, process, store, display modify or cancel transactions. Most of these systems allow multiple transactions to take place simultaneously. The data that this system collects is usually stored in databases which can be used to produce reports such as billing, wages, inventory summaries, manufacturing schedules, or check registers.
2. Management Information Systems: A management information system is an information system that uses the data collected by the transaction processing system and uses this data to create reports in a way that managers can use it to make routine business decisions in response to problems. Some of the reports that this information system creates are summary, exception and ad hoc reports. All this is done to increase the efficiency of managerial activity.
3. Decision Support Systems: A decision support system helps make decisions by working and analyzing data that can generate statistical projections and data models. This system gives support rather than replacing a manager’s judgment while improving the quality of a manager’s decision. A DSS helps solve problems while using external data.
4. Expert Systems and Neutral Networks: An expert system, also known as a knowledge-based system, is a computer system that is designed to analyze data and produce recommendations, diagnosis and decisions that are controlled. A neutral system uses computers to foster the way a human brain may process information, learn and remember that information.
5. Information Systems in Organizations: This information system collects stores and processes data to give organization real time useful and accurate information. This information system encompasses data gathering information from the people and machines that collect, process, output and store data. Also in the networks that transmit and receive data and the procedures that govern the way data is handled.

ANS 2)
The rise of information technology has paved the way for various innovations. With the digitization of information, more and more businesses are increasingly leveraging the benefits of digital tools to improve their prospects. Information technology has been crucial in turning this process into a complete success.
Cloud Computing The concept of cloud computing is immensely popular among businesses owing to the efficiency in business operations that it provides. Cloud computing utilizes information technology to capitalize on its ability to provide improved agility and time and resource management for businesses.
Automation of Business Processes: Information technology helps in developing automated processes for businesses. This not only helps in reducing the cost of operation but also saves time. The time saved can be utilized to focus on other tasks, thus speeding up business processes significantly.
Working Remotely: Implementation of information technology provides the ability to remotely access your company’s network As a result, it equips employees with the ability to get the work done even if they are not physically present at the workplace.
Mobile Technology Mobile technology has picked up momentum owing to its convenience, efficiency and speed. With the rise in the popularity of information technology, implementation of mobile technology has gained ground quickly.
Providing Customer Satisfaction Information technology provides the best tools for communicating with customers and solving their problems in real time. It has unlocked the facilities like Email, social media and other messaging platforms for this purpose.
Open Source Software Almost every software that businesses use has open source variants that are widely available on the Internet. Utilizing these could mean multiple benefits at reduced expenses.